We often feel confused when we struggle to make sense of conflicting observations, ideas, or beliefs (cognitive dissonance), when overwhelmed by excessive information (choice overload, cognitive overload, decision fatigue), or when experiencing heightened emotions such as anxiety or fear.

Research by Scotty D. Craig and his team suggests that confusion often reveals itself through distinct facial expressions, such as furrowed brows, tightened eyelids, and pursed lips.

Confusion, along with emotions like interest, surprise, and awe, is categorized as a knowledge emotion—a feeling that motivates us to learn, explore, and challenge our understanding of the world and its relevance to our goals.

Although excessive confusion can lead to frustration, boredom, and disengagement, Kurt VanLehn's impasse-driven theory suggests that a moderate amount of confusion can enhance learning. By presenting students with contradictory or thought-provoking information, educators can stimulate active engagement and critical thinking, fostering a deeper understanding compared to passive note-taking.

Moreover, expertise influences how we emotionally respond to new information. For instance, Paul J. Silvia’s 2013 study found that art experts experienced abstract works as more engaging and less confusing than novices. This suggests that knowledge and familiarity shape our ability to interpret and appreciate complex ideas.